Australia. Wartime air mail from Australia: 17 JAN 1941 registered airmail cover from MOUNT LAWLEY (Perth) to RISHON LE ZION, franked 1Sh 9d & tied by 2 strikes of local postmark on front + 1x on back; opened/resealed by censor & cover tied by Censor 3 handstamp; backstamped same day REG WEST AUSTRALIA transit; as per franking, cover charged period 1S 1d rate to Palestine: carried locally via MMA to DALY WATERS, then via QANTAS to BRISBANE, via ANA to SYDNEY; then via QANTAS direct to TIBERIAS via eastern leg of period "Horseshoe Route" (not via CAIRO & surface to Palestine per Boyle as cover lacks Egyptian censor marks), as final leg was a direct flight to Palestine, this is a possible reason why no Palestine censor marks, here on flight WS-54; backstamped 31 JA 41 REG HAIFA transit, same day REG TEL AVIV transit & same day RISHON LE ZION; cut open at top.

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Chile. Wartime air mail from Chile / outbreak of WWII in West: 6 MAY 1940 registered airletter from SANTIAGO to HAIFA, franked 15.10P & tied by 2 strikes of local airmail postmark; as tied by special 10th anniversary (12 May) Air France south-Atlantic flight boxed cachet (on 10 May Germany invaded France & Lowlands; Ar France ceased operations in June), cover carred by Air France on weekly wartime route BUENOS AIRES - MONTEVIDEO - PORTO ALEGRE - SANTOS - RIO DE JANEIRO - SALVADOR - RECIFE - NATAL - DAKAR - PORT ETIENNE - CASABLANCA - TANGIER - TOULOUSE; as cover lacks 3rd country transit marks, probably carried by air to Palestine (by Air France or any carrier with French transit) & as censored by H50 in Haifa (6 months before Sacher's earliest known date of use) cover carried directly to locale; backstamped 26 MY 40 REG HAIFA arrival; slit open at top. Rare route/period, one of Air France's last transatlantic flights before Armistice.

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Ethiopia. Wartime air mail from Ethiopia: 3-3-1944 registered airmail commercial cover from State Bank of Ethiopia ADDIS ABABA to Barclays Bank HAIFA, franked 189 cent. using complete series 2nd Restoration definitives (Sc #250-257) per postage period rate (c. 70c for air service + registration fee) & tied by 5 strikes of local postmark + bank's circular cachet on back; airmail from Ethiopia went via Egypt prior to ongoing transit, here marked by local civil censor (front); opened/resealed by KK/19106 (listed in Sacher used on label Q16, but here Q17 used) in HAIFA & tied by Haifa H6 censor handstamp & backstamped 16 MR 44 REG HAIFA arrival; slit open at top. In period after the Italian occupation Ethiopian civilian airmail is rare, especially commercial cover.

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Palestine Mandate. 1940 Fall of France / incoming internee mail: 20 MAY 1940 uprated airmail postcard in German from Jewish internee at HURIEL camp in ALLIER province to business in HAIFA, franked 4.25Fr & tied by 3 strikes of local postmark + senders' round military unit cachet; marked by French military censor; backstamped 21 V 1940 MARSEILLE GARE (train station) dispatch - unclear if sent by air because of War & seaside dispatch locale. Sender was at "camp des Prestataires": per law 13 Jan. 1940 foreigners & stateless people receiving asylum were to be used as foreign workers at the service of the French Army. Huriel camp was established in a holiday camp site. Letter written May 18th: Antwerp & Brussels conquered, Allied forces in retreat to coastline. The seat of the coming Vichy government was located in Allier department as well. Rare origin & time. Interestingly, not censored in Palestine.

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Palestine Mandate. Wartime incoming civilian mail: 23-09-1940 uprated registered postcard in German on Soviet postal stationary, from Soviet-occupied LVOV to HAIFA, pre-franked 30Kop + additional 20Kop applied & tied by 2 strikes of local Soviet Post postmark + Polish registry handstamp; passed Haifa Palestine Censor H34 (Sach-Q24 - almost a year after his last known date of use; also recorded as being used only for outbound mail); front-stamped 29 OC 1940 HAIFA transit & next day arrival. Posted almost exactly a year (21 Sept 1939) after the occupation of the city by the USSR.

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Palestine Mandate. Wartime outbound civilian mail: 8 JAN 1941 surface mailed cover "in German" from JERUSALEM to addressee care of person NICE (unoccupied Zone, Vichy France - probably transient refugee), franked 15m Ba108 per period surface rate to non-UK destination & tied by local machine cancel; opened & resealed by Palestine Censor + "passed" on dispatch; backstamped 6 VI 1941 NICE R.P. arrival (6 month transit) & marked by French boxed censor cachet (#142); manuscript noted "left without leaving address" + boxed cachet on front/back & French "return to sender" instructional handstamp; front-stamped 26 SP 41 JERUSALEM arrival. Well travelled & documented, scarce destination; opened for display. Postal relations with France were restored but limited to "unoccupied" France (Vichy) and only to social, not business, correspondence on 30 July 1940; anti-Semitic legislation began already on 16 July with the "denaturalization law".

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Palestine Mandate. WWII/Holocaust-era internment camp mail: 21 MY 1948(!) postmarked family correspondence photographic postcard of sender's daughter ("aged 2½"), written in German, from TEL AVIV to grandmother ("savta") at Récébédou-Portet internment camp near TOULOUSE, franked 15m per postage period-7 13m overseas postcard rate (non-UK destination) & tied by single strike of local postmark with serious (undocumented) year-date error, may be 1941 or 1942 as postcard addressed "unoccupied France" ("Vichy France", pre-dates November 1942) & postage period began April 1941; passed T5 (or T6) Palestine censor in Tel Aviv (usage matches estmated dates of postcard) & postcard tied by oval cachet of the camp upon arrival. Recebedou was established in July 1940 as a reception centre for refugees and evacuated during the Battle of France & located in 87 former homes of workers of local weapons factories in the outskirts of TOULOUSE; in February 1941 the prefecture of Haute-Garonne took control of the camp and turned it into a hospital camp for the old & sick of GURS, originally well-equipped to care for them and then rapidly declined (2 doctors for 1400 internees); at the end of 1941, Rabbi René Samuel (Shmuel) Kapel (Kapelovitz) of Mulhouse (Resistance member; his father-in-law was Rabbi Moshe Avigdor Amiel, Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv; his brother-in-law was Rabbi Israel Salzer, Chief Rabbi of Marseille) was charged to bring supplies & religious services to Jews of the camp, 254 of whom died by Oct. 1942 when the remaining internees were deported and the camp closed. Rare Holocaust-era postal link + unusual postmark error.

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Panama. Wartime air mail from Panama: 4 SET 1944 business stationary registered airmail commercial cover from PANAMA CITY to HAIFA, franked 86c (front/back) & tied by 3 strikes of slogan AGENCIA POSTAL PANAMA postmark on front + 1x on back & tied by "Transatlantico" instructional marking handstamp on front; backstamped next day BALBOA REGISTERED (Canal Zone, US territory; exchange office) transit, SEP 6 1944 MIAMI AIR MAIL transit & SEP 8 MIAMI dispatch - here opened/sealed by censor 30350: cover probably carried by PANAM route FAM-22 to LAGOS, then by air to Palestine on MISR or BOAC; 1 month intercontinental transit: 3 OCT 44 HAIFA REG transit & same day MOUNT CARMEL arrival (GD-105); slit open at top, 2 vert folds. Scarce origin/commercial mail. Interestingly, not censored in Palestine.

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Romania. Wartime incoming Jewish refugee mail: 29 SEP 1939 uprated UPU stationary postcard in English from BANEASA (return addressed Bucharest) to TEL AVIV, pre-franked 6L + 22L additional franking (probably express fee as 7L was period postcard rate to Palestine); passed by scarce T4 Palestine censor in TEL AVIV (in use only Sep-Dec 1939). Sender is refugee from Warsaw who flew(!) to Romania [to flee the invasion]; says was granted permission to stay there for 10 days & then awaits "the concentrations field"; pleads for help from receiver; expecting a Certificate to reach Palestine; asks that his friends in JERUSALEM be contacted to help him. Rare rate, sobering first-hand circumstance.

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Soviet Union. Latvian SSR "1st day" official incoming overseas mail: 22.7.40 [official] registered surface cover on stationary of the Latvian Foreign Ministry in Soviet-occupied RIGA to [Jewish-Palestinian] Latvian Consul M. Caspi in JERUSALEM, franked 96 Sant. (75s international registered letter rate + 2x10s additional weight) tied by 3 strikes of local postmark; marked "via USSR" as it occupied Latvia on 17 June & annexed it 5 August; backstamped 13 AU 40 REG HAIFA & JERUSALEM transits where passed censor (J13); arrived 17 AU 40. The Latvian puppet government was installed 21 July (day before this letter), establishing the short-lived Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic; addressee Mordechai Caspi was Latvian consul 1928-47. Rare period official mail, probably informing the consul of new foreign policy agenda.

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Trinidad. Wartime air mail from Trinidad: 25 MAR 1943 registered airmail cover from PORT-OF-SPAIN Trinidad to HAIFA, franked 86c (front/back) & tied by 3 strikes of local REGISTRATION General Post Office postmark on front + 1x on back; opened/resealed by Examiner 1572 - probably local as Trinidad + Bermuda were 2 main censorship locations for Imperial international mail & tied by Trinidad "IE" censor mark; lacking US transit marks, cover probably carried south by Pan-Am Carribean route via GEORGETOWN British Guiana, where connected to transatlantic FAM-22 route between NATAL (Brazil) - FISHERMAN'S LAKE (Liberia) - LAGOS Nigeria (backstamped 6 AP 43 REG LAGOS transit + "half moon" D-shaped censor on front); then possibly by air via BOAC to CAIRO, where censored on front; here via BOAC to BEYROUTH (backstamped 20 IV 43 transit) where front stamped "NON CONTROLE" (i.e. not opened by censor) & by rail to HAIFA (backstamped next day REG HAIFA arrival) where passed H31 censor (aligns with period of Sacher's last known date of use). Slit open at left. Remarkable route with censor marks from 5 postal authories.

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Turkey. Wartime incoming Jewish refugee mail: 25-12-1943 surface mailed cover from ISTANBUL (no return address) to BAT YAM, franked 10k & tied by strike of local postmark on front + machine cancel on back; opened by Palestine Censor KK/23346 (Sacher Q9 type - this unlisted) & stamped twice by "Please request sender..." full name/address 4-line TEL AVIV-type Sach-Q52 instructional marking front/back (4 months after Sacher's last known date of use); backstamped 30 JA 44 arrival (Dorf-5); opened roughly at top, complete. Scarce origin & markings. Cover probably stamped by instructional marking as part of Mandate authorities' struggle against "illegal" Jewish immigration to Palestine by keeping tabs on correspondents, with much such underground activity passing through Turkey.

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