Literature. "The Stamps of Paraguay" by Charles Phillips, published by Stanley Gibbons, 1912, rebound with hard cover; and "Calalogo de los Sellos Postales de la Republica del Paraguay" by Victor Kneitschel, Buenos Aires, 1947. Two standard works on Paraguay. (2).

1813 (June 19) Entire letter from Asuncion to Buenos Aires with red "PARAGUAY" handstamp ("AR" joined together), charged 1½ reales. A fine strike of this scarce handstamp, sent just two years after Paraguay became an independent country. With Brian Moorhouse Certificate (2001). Photo on Page 204. (Image1)

1870 First imperf issue, study of the genuine stamps, forgeries and reprints written up on six pages comprising 1c rose mint or unused (11, with block of eight) and used, 2r blue used (3, one with faults), 3r black mint and used; various forgeries or forged cancels (12); and 2r reprint singles (7), blocks of four (12) and pane of fifty, in thirteen various colours, produced by Roberto Lange. (134). Photo on Page 206. (Image1)

1878 5c Surcharges, study of the genuine and forged surcharges on five pages with large surcharge in black on 1r rose mint or unused (3) and used (3), on 2r blue unused or on 3r black unused (faults), or in blue on 1r rose unused and used or on 3r black used; small surcharge sideways in blue on 3r black mint or unused (3, two torn or thins) or used (2), in black on 2r blue or 3r black both used, the large surcharges including inverted and double inverted varieties on the 1r rose. Also forgeries of the large surcharge (22) or small surcharge (7) applied to genuine stamps or reprints, some produced by Raoul de Thuin. S.G. £2,000+. (47). Photo on Page 206. (Image1)

1902-08 Official, postage and postage due issues including 1902 (Sep) Official 1p used on registered cover from the National Department of Hygiene to Buenos Aires; 1903 Official issue mint and used, and wrappers to London bearing 10c (two wrappers) or 10c + 2c; 1904 postage due 20c die proof in black and the set in mint or used blocks; August 1904 10c perf and imperf blocks and used on a 2c postcard to Germany; 1904 PAZ overprint mint blocks; 1904-08 Official issue, the issued and unissued stamps mainly in blocks. (134 + 5 covers). Photo on Page 206. (Image1)

1905-10 Regular issue, the fine study of proofs and stamps on eight pages including 1c - 60c imperf plate proofs on thick paper or card in various colours (43, with five pairs and six blocks of four), 1c orange and 1c greenish-blue imperf pairs, 2c vermilion block of six imperf horizontally, 2c olive-green, 1p imperf plate proof blocks of four in various colours on thick card (7 blocks), 1908 2c stamps perforated vertically for use as two 1c stamps in mint blocks and used on pieces (3), a good lot. (176). Photo on Page 212. (Image1)

1907-11 Covers and cards all bearing 1907-08 surcharge issues, some in combination with other issues, including registered cover to Buenos Aires bearing twenty 5c stamps including missing "5" variety within a block of twelve (S.G. 144/a, Chiavarello Certificate); cover posted in Asuncion bearing 5c on 60c + 5c on 10c strip of five + 5c on 1c overprint double (S.G. 159c) paying 40c + 5c late fee to a ship with "ULTIMA H. PUERTO / ASUNCION" c.d.s; two other covers with the scarce "Ultima" c.d.s, to a ship at Asuncion bearing 5c on 2c block of eight (S.G. 16) with surcharge misplaced diagonally, or to Brazil franked 1p double overprint (S.G. 185a) and 5c on 2c block of four (S.G. 160, one with "5" very faint"); two other covers with stamps showing surcharges misplaced sideways; cover with five 20c surcharges (S.G. 175, 176, 178, 180, 184), etc. A fine lot with some unusual and scarce varieties. (17). Photo on Page 210. (Image 1) (Image 2) (Image 3) (Image 4) (Image1)

Postal History of the Immigrant Colonies in Paragu. Altos. 1890-1914 Covers (2, one registered), postcards (2) and a lettercard, sent to Germany (3), Austria or Switzerland, three differing types of Altos c.d.s, all fine. The colony at Altos was established in 1883 by seventy members of the San Bernardino colony dissatisfied with conditions at the original settlement; by 1938 there were approximately 200 Germans living there. (5).

Bella Vista / Hohenau. 1910 Registered covers from Bella Vista to France or the USA; 1910 cover from Hohenau to Germany bearing 1908 overprint 60c + 1909 overprint 5c (3), and 1934-36 registered covers to Germany with a differing Colonia Hohenau c.d.s, one with a handstruck registration mark. Hohenau was established by 15 Brazilian Germans in 1899, and had grown to approximately 1,100 by 1920; Bella Vista was a daughter colony of Hohenau established in 1907 mainly comprising Brazilians. Five fine covers. (5).

Cosme. c.1896 Newspaper wrappers to London franked 4c tied by undated circular "CORREOS / PARAGUAY" handstamp, one with "Col. Cosme" applied separately in the centre, the other with "Cosme" handstamp applied. The Colony of Cosme was founded in 1894 by forty settlers, mainly Australians, who left the Nueva Australia Colony. A further 147 immigrants joined by 1905, but it gradually fell into decay after 1910. An early pair of wrappers from this Australian Colony with two very scarce handstamped cancels. (2). Photo on Page 208. (Image1)

Cosme. 1899-c.1900 Newspaper wrappers to London franked 4c pair or 5c cancelled by undated circular "CORREOS / PARAGUAY" with separate "Col Cosme" handstamp applied in the centre, both fine and very scarce. (2). Photo on Page 210. (Image1)

Cosme. 1903 2c Newspaper wrapper to London bearing 4c, 5c on 2c and a bisected 2c stamp to pay the 12c rate, cancelled by "CORREOS / COLONIA COSME" datestamps, and a 1911 picture postcard to USA with senders cachet of Colonia Cosme, the 5c + 20c stamps simply cancelled with violet "27 Jun 1911" datestamp, both fine and unusual. (2).

Elisa. 1905-07 Picture postcards to Stockholm, the first written in Colonia Elisa but cancelled in Asuncion, the second with 20c and 5c on 2c tied by "COLONIA ELISA / PARAGUAY" c.d.s. Also a 1908 postcard from Villa Rica addressed to Colonia Elisa. Founded in 1891 by 81 Swedes and Danes, the only Swedish colony in Paraguay. Very scarce. (3).

Nueva Italia. 1911 Registered cover franked 50c + 75c to Hungary, written from Nueva Italia but posted at Villeta, and a 1914 picture postcard from Germany with violet "COLONIA NVA ITALIA / PARAGUAY" arrival c.d.s. Nueva Italia was a colony from 1906 until 1926, founded by Italians with some Austrian, Swiss and Greek settlers. The Colonia Nueva Italia c.d.s is very scarce. (2).

Colony of President Gonzalez. 1896 Cover to France with "COMISARIO DE LA COLONIA PRESIDENTE GONZALEZ" cachet on reverse, the 20c rate paid by six stamps cancelled by circular undated "CORREOS / PARAGUAY" and two strikes of straight line "COLONIA PTE GONZALEZ". Also an 1897 lettercard from Villa Rica to Colonia Nacional. This colony was founded in 1887, later changing its name to Colonia Nacional, and had colonists from 14 countries, mainly Germans, French and Italians. The 1896 cover with two horizontal folds well away from the stamps, otherwise fine and the straight line cancel very scarce. (2). Photo on Page 210. (Image1)

Other Colonies. 1908-47 Covers comprising 1908-09 covers to the USA franked 60c (and marked 30c due but no charge collected) or 75c both with "Jesus Y Trinidad" c.d.s (2); 1912-13 covers franked 75c to Germany with "Yegros" c.d.s (2); 1937 cover franked 10p to Germany with violet "Col. Fernheim" c.d.s; and 1947 printed matter cover franked 1c to USA with light "Coronel Bogado" c.d.s. The Colony of Jesus Y Trinidad founded by German settlers; Yegros consisted of about 220 Germans, Italians and French by the 1920s; Fernheim founded in 1930 by Mennonites from Germany and Eastern Europe; and Coronel Bogado founded in 1914 by Jose Bogado, leader of the Paraguayans who fought in Chile and Peru, populated by Paraguayans and Argentineans. (6).